How Does Dry Eye Syndrome Occur?

What is Dry Eye?

• Dry eye syndrome is also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca. It has two causes. It can be due to decreased tear production, or it can result because of an enhanced tendency for tears and lubrication to evaporate from the tear film of humans and some animals. The symptoms are burning, dryness and a sort of grittiness on the eye. It can also be described as tired, stingy, scratchy or itchy eyes. Dry eyes can be quite painful and are often described as a feeling of a speck of dirt between the eyes. Generally speaking, both eyes will be affected.
  
  

Causes

• Generally speaking, the most basic cause of dry eyes is due to tiny cuts and abrasions on the surface of the eyes. These conditions can lead to other changes, including metaplasia of the squamous cells (alteration of the normal eye surface cells) as well as the loss of goblet cells (goblet cells provide lubrication and support). Dry eye syndrome can result due to a lack of tear production or abnormal tear composition. Deficient tear production occurs when the tear ducts do not provide enough lubrication to cover the entire cornea. Abnormal tear composition is the result of the tears evaporating faster than the tears can lubricate.
  
  

Treatments

• In general, dry eye syndrome is exacerbated by smoky environments. As a result, many cases can be treated by avoiding conditions that trigger attacks. In these situations, it is important not to rub the eyes, as that can make the symptoms worse. Otherwise, it is advisable to avoid dry, dusty and drafty environments. In the event that these measures are not enough to control the symptoms, it is best to try to use artificial tears. Artificial tears are a saline solution which is designed to help moisten and protect the eyes.