PRN Range Orders for Opioids in Pain Management

Suggested Readings

• 
  American Academy of Pediatrics (2001). The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics, 108, 793–797.
  
• 
  American Geriatric Society (AGS) (2009). The management of persistent pain in older persons. The Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57, 1131–1346.
  
• 
  American Pain Society (APS) (2008). Principles of analgesicuse in the treatment of acute pain and cancer pain, (6th ed.) Glenview, IL: Author.
  
• 
  Davis, M. P., Weissman, D. E., & Arnold, R. M. (2004). Opioid dose titration for severe cancer pain: A systematic evidence based review. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 7, 462–468.
  
• 
  Gordon, D. B., Dahl, J., Phillips, P., Frandsen, J., Cowley, C., Foster, R. L., Fine, P. G., Miaskowsk, I. C., Fishman, S., & Finley, R. S. (2004). The use of "as-needed" range orders for opioid analgesics in the management of acute pain: A consensus statement of the American Society for Pain Management Nursing and the American Pain Society. Pain Management Nursing, 5, 53–58.
  
• 
  Pasero, C. (2007). IV opioid range orders for acute pain management. American Journal of Nursing, 107, 52–59.
  
• 
  Pasero, C., & McCaffery, M. (2011). Painassessment and pharmacologic management. St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby.