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Abbasid state was established by descendants of the strain is smaller uncle of the Prophet of Islam Muhammad bin Abdullah, that is, Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib, was adopted by the Abbasids in the creation of a state Alyalhers disgruntled Umayyads to exclude them from positions of state and the major centers, and keep the Arabs out, as well as induce the Abbasids Shiites to help destabilize the entity of the Umayyad dynasty. The transfer of the Abbasids capital of the state, after the success of their revolution, from Damascus, Arab Sham, to Baghdad, the Iraqi Islamic, which flourished for two centuries, and became one of the largest cities in the world and the most beautiful, and the capital of arts and sciences, but the star took fade with the beginning of sunset on the Abbasid state as a whole. Variety of reasons that led to the collapse of the Abbasid state, most notably: the emergence of populist movements and religious groups in this era of populism has led to the preference of non-Arab peoples of the Arabs, and the long controversy between the parties to the conflict, and each team won his sons. In addition to the populist political, religious, multi-formed teams opposed the Abbasid rule. The focus of the dispute between these teams and the Abbasid rulers is a «succession», or to lead the Muslims. And each had its own group of them and its own system and method and logos in the invitation to these principles that aim at achieving its goal of rule that you want. And made the difference people sects, parties, and communities have become the Abbasid fields battling the views contradict, broadening from the political dispute between the citizens of the Abbasid state and helped to crack the unit faith which is the basis of political unity. [2] and internal factors that have encouraged the spread of separatist movements, wideningarea of the Abbasid state, so that after the capital, and the distance between the parts of the country and the difficulty of transportation at that time, made the governors of the country's remote exceed their powers and traveling in the affairs of their mandates without fear of armies coming from the capital of the caliphate to quell the movement of separatism, which were not up too late, and most separatist movements for the Abbasid state: the movement and the movement of Aladrash Aghlabid, Fatimid and movement.
Ended the Abbasid rule in Baghdad in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the oldest Tatar on the looting and burning of the city and killed most of its inhabitants, including the caliph and his sons. Moved from the surviving of the sons of Abbas to Cairo after the destruction of Baghdad, where they set up the succession again in the year 1261, and by this time was the Caliph had become a symbol of the unity of the Islamic state religion, but in fact, the sultans of the Mamluk Egyptians were the rulers of active state. Abbasid caliphate continued in existence until the year 1519, when the Ottoman armies swept across the Levant and Musrofatht cities and castles, Vtnazel last caliphs of the title of Sultan Al-Othman, Selim I, the Ottomans became the successors of the Muslims, and were taken from the center of the capital Cairo to Constantinople.
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